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Orthodox Judaism is the approach to religious Judaism which subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation and adheres to the interpretation and application of the laws and ethics of the Torah as legislated in the Talmudic texts by the Tanaim and Amoraim. These texts were subsequently developed and applied by later authorities, known as the ''Gaonim'', ''Rishonim'', and ''Acharonim''. Orthodox Judaism generally includes Modern Orthodox Judaism and ultra-Orthodox or Haredi Judaism, but complete within is a wide range of philosophies. Although Orthodox Judaism would probably be considered the mainstream expression of Judaism prior to the 19th century, for some Orthodox Judaism is a modern self-identification that distinguishes it from traditional pre-modern Judaism. As of 2001, Orthodox Jews and Jews affiliated with an Orthodox synagogue accounted for approximately 50% of British Jews (150,000), 26.5% of Israeli Jews (1,500,000)〔(Poll: 7.1 percent of Israeli Jews define themselves as Reform or Conservative ) Haaretz, 11 June 2013〕 and 13% of American Jews (529,000).〔(American Jewish Religious Denominations ), United Jewish Communities Report Series on the National Jewish Population Survey 2001-01, (Table 2, pg. 9)〕 Among those affiliated to a synagogue body, Orthodox Jews represent 70% of British Jewry〔(Synagogue membership in the United Kingdom in 2010 )〕 and 27% of American Jewry.〔 While some claim that the majority of Jews killed during the Holocaust were religiously Orthodox, numbering between 50-70% of those who perished, researchers have shown that Jewish Orthodoxy was nearly extinct at the time, consumed by the Jewish Enlightenment, secular Zionism and the Socialist movements of pre-war Europe. ==Terminology== Orthodoxy is not a single movement or school of thought. There is no single rabbinical body to which all rabbis are expected to belong, or any one organization representing member congregations. In the United States, there are numerous Jewish Orthodox organizations, such as Agudath Israel, the Orthodox Union, and the National Council of Young Israel. None of them can claim to represent a majority of all Orthodox congregations. In the 20th century, a segment of the Orthodox population (as represented by the World Agudath Israel movement, formally established in 1912) disagreed with Modern Orthodoxy and took a stricter approach. Such rabbis viewed innovations and modifications within Jewish law and customs with extreme care and caution. This form of Judaism may be referred to as "Haredi Judaism", or "Ultra-Orthodox Judaism". The latter term is controversial because some consider the label "ultra-Orthodox" pejorative. According to the New Jersey Press Association,〔(Josh Lipowsky, "Paper loses 'divisive' term" ), ''New Jersey Jewish Standard'', February 5, 2009, pp 10.〕 several media entities refrain from using the term "ultra-Orthodox", including the Religion Newswriters Association; JTA, the global Jewish news service; and the ''Star-Ledger'', New Jersey’s largest daily newspaper. The ''Star-Ledger'' was the first mainstream newspaper to drop the term.〔 Several local Jewish papers, including New York's ''Jewish Week'' and Philadelphia's ''Jewish Exponent'' have also dropped use of the term. According to Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer, spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center in Cliffside Park and former executive editor of ''Jewish Week'', this leaves "Orthodox" as "an umbrella term that designates a very widely disparate group of people very loosely tied together by some core beliefs."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Orthodox Judaism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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